Techniques Used for Eye Gaze Interfaces and Survey

Eye movement tracking is a method that is now-a-days used for checking the usability problems in the contexts of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Firstly we present eye tracking technology and key elements. We tend to evaluate the behavior of the user when they are using the interface of eye gaze. Used different techniques i.e. “electro-oculography, infrared oculography, video oculography, image process techniques, scrolling techniques”, different models, probable approaches i.e. “shape based approach, appearance based methods, 2D and 3D models based approach and different software algorithms for pupil detection etc”. We have tried to compare the surveys based on their geometric properties and reportable accuracies and eventually we conclude this study by giving some prediction regarding future eye-gaze. We point out some techniques by using various eyes properties comprising nature, appearance and gesture or some combination for eye tracking and detection. Result displays eye-gaze technique is faster and better approach for selection than a mouse selection. Rate of error for all the matters determines that there have been no errors once choosing from main menus with eye mark and with mouse. But there have been a chance of errors when once choosing from sub menus in case of eye mark. So, maintain head constantly in front of eye gaze monitor.


Introduction
For human computer interaction, natural user interface is a system that user handles through natural activities linked with natural behavior of human being. Natural user interface could also be handled in different ways that depends on users' needs and objective. Our analysis field is gaze-based interfaces. EYES are normally used for observation not for control. Eye movements are extraordinarily fast, natural and need very little accurate aware effort. Direction of gaze implicitly indicates main target of attention.
An interface of gaze tracking enables the users through movement of eye to guide a system. Gaze tracking has number of possible applications that's helpful for society. Gaze tracking finds application in medical research and for police work purpose. Recent application of Eye tracking involves scrolling impact like after we move our eye up or down consequently it will scroll up or down.

Literature Review
We have conducted a comprehensive survey of ten research papers and compare them.
Kayung-Nam et al [1] discusses the estimation and eye-movement tracking. Variety techniques of eye gaze tracking are used for this purpose. Techniques comprising the Limbus, electro oculography, Eye-lid tracking, Pupil etc. Image processing and computer vision techniques are used for measuring eye gaze. Estimation based on geometry is better approach than estimation based on adaptive. Object which is under observation is allowable to move in a usual mode. Find out the correspondence between face model and camera image point to compute eye gaze.
Linda et al [2] takes the computer as input and demonstrates advantages of eye gaze of human. For this purpose two experiments are addressed in this paper. Preliminary test result displays that eye-gaze technique is better and faster approach for selecting from sub menus than from mouse selection. In Circle experiment the change of speed through eye is very clear. Authors worked on Fitt's analysis that points out main fact that we have tested that cost is approximately constant if and only if you are moving you eye in limits and in that case improvement of eye is greater.
Susanna et al [3] tells in paper that in what way the interaction based on gaze are implemented IJASR|VOL 01|ISSUE 06|2015 www.ssjournals.com and used in an augmented reality system. Main purpose was to check gaze control's functionality of application. In AR-system worthwhile tool that is eyegaze control tool is designed for developing designing interfaces and interaction approaches of the system; and to develop augmented reality with joined eye tracker system. Dan Witzner et al [4] intensions are on detection of eye and tracking of gaze in video based gaze trackers. Different methods and techniques for eye detection and tracking, and eye models are addressed in this paper. Surveys are done for gaze estimation in this paper and compare them on their geometrical based properties and described correctness.
In short, that type of system should be built that are easy to use and of low cost, negligible, normal movement of head and under illumination changing conditions, estimation accuracy for gaze should be good. There is problem that some experiments are conflicting such as low number of calibration and flexibility.
Chennamma et al [5] worked on noncontacting based on video gaze tracking development. This paper includes terminologies and definition, improvements in this filed and development of this filed in future. Different methods are used in this paper to track motion of eyes such as electro-oculography, infrared oculography, video oculography, sceleral search coils etc. Feature-based gaze estimation, appearance-based gaze estimation methods are used for gaze tracking. The gaze tracking system needs to become low in cost and accuracy of data capture needs to improved in order to make them useful tools.
Robert et al [6] describes some representative past studies for eye tracking. This paper also involves aspects of different types of devices and well-known applications, different software algorithms for pupil detection, recording eye movement, data filtering, image processing etc. An eye-tracking application covers human computer interaction (HCI), brain computer interaction, e-learning, virtual reality and so on. By use of eye tracking methods in e-learning it is possible to capture learner behavior in real-time.
Poole et al [7] tells main concepts of tracking technology of eye their usage in HCI. To alert researchers of many eye movement measures, this paper helps to give an applied guide. Different methodologies such as electro oculography and video based eye tracker etc.
Sharma et al [8] describes study to understand main ideas of Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and for developing effective AAC. These research papers identify and utilize different eye gaze methods. Some issues related to interactivity limitations, performance issues, price, orientation, sound resistance, capable to work in narrow lightening situations, simulation, maintenance and real time detection, etc in designing such models have been discussed in this paper.
Manu Kumar [9] presents gaze based interaction techniques developed as part of dissertation. Main aim of this research is to augment current interaction techniques. This paper focuses on gaze enhanced scrolling techniques, offerings several different methods for gaze-based scrolling including augmenting manual scrolling techniques. Different applications are used that describes design and evaluation of eye-gaze based techniques for switching between applications. Also discusses use of eye-gaze based password entry to lessen threats of shoulder surfing and explains that why the obvious implementation of such a system fail to work. This research also present new idea for eye-gaze based interfaces and discusses some of challenges for using eye-gaze input and presents solutions to these challenges. It discover design space of communication techniques that use gaze data for everyday computing tasks and propose technology and business model changes to modify the emergence of mass-market eye trackers, low-cost.
Jowers et al [10] worked on Computer aided design tracking interfaces and gives different models that are used to collect gaze information to support dynamic shape study 2D vector sketch editor. Different implementations of eye tracking interfaces are described. Totally different eye tracking methodology area unit are introduced during this paper. To implement the eye tracking interface, this paper describes assorted so as a result its outcomes and user study are reported. This paper results are positive.

Analysis
Eye Expose was "natural," "faster" and "less annoying" when put next to other approaches. They additionally reported that they liked not having to move their hands off keyboard to use mouse when compared to using expose. Subsequent factors such as normalization, illuminating conditions, specific region and accuracy in eye detection are needed to increases the effectiveness and efficiency of eye gaze based models. So these factors ought to be analyzed. Parameters should be chosen carefully because they are responsible for efficiency and effectiveness of output. System should be of low cost easy to use. Following methods such as fixation leveling, saccade algorithms, co-ordination between aye and hand are developed to spice up the accuracy and user's expertise of gaze-based inform.
www.ssjournals.com Table  Table 1 Table  Table 2  The results are positive and indicate the potential for eye tracking as an interface for supporting shape exploration in CAD.

Conclusion and Future Work
In close to future once one's need to regulate a computer it should be doable merely to look at display. This might make it inessential to find out a way to operate with a keyboard or to regulate a mouse. Interface of eye gaze is the foremost common technique of human computer interaction that guaranteeing decade. However many options of eye movement create existing interface shape is insufficient as a substitution for more pointing tools.
Today human eye-gaze can be recorded by relatively everyday methods. This thesis argues that it is doable to use eye-gaze of a computer user within interface to help management of application. As eyetracking devices improve in quality and accuracy and reduce in value, interaction designers will have power to sense the user's attention and intention.
Floor-mounted systems useful however prohibit user's movements. Whereas Head-mounted systems consistent however uncomfortable. Poorly implemented eye management can be extraordinarily annoying. Choose parameters carefully. Dominant and changes of parameters may be done to boost output. Humans are not used to activating objects simply by observing at them thus following skills i.e. practical controlling of an eye fixed, ability to read and to take care of head constantly in front of eye gaze monitor are required by user to realize positive response. In short, future eye gaze tracking systems should be •Low in cost •Easy to use •Normal movement of head and precision under illumination changing conditions Special contact lenses are appropriate approach to make accurate recordings of gaze tracking, so user should wear this type of contact lens for better gaze point selection. Interaction designers will have the ability to make such gaze tracking systems that are according to user's intension and attention.