Pollution Assessment using Bioindicator (Odonata and Mollusca) in Narmada basin at Jabalpur: A Developing Smart City

The smart city mission of Jabalpur intends to promote adoption with basic infrastructure to give a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable environment through application of smart solutions where environment disturbed through anthropogenic activities. Odonata and Mollusca are biological indicators so without using chemicals we aimed to know the pollution intensity of river Narmada basin. Benthos assemblage from Narmada basin in Jabalpur has been investigated. A total of 37 species of Odonata and 13 species of Mollusca were sampled.


Introduction
Jabalpur is recently announced under developing smart city. It situated in the bank of the river Narmada basin lies between east longitudes 72° 32' to 81°45' and north latitudes 21°20' to 23°45'. Smart city uses information and communication technologies to improve contact between citizens and government and to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services to reduce cost and resource consumption with waste management. Major technological, economic, climates change and environmental changes caused by pollution enhancement which generate interest in smart city to use biological indicator. Odonata and Mollusca are easy-to-study groups and are useful to monitor the overall biodiversity of aquatic habitats and had been identified as good indicators of environmental health [1,2].
Perennial river system with different habitat types provides good opportunities to Odonata, the wonderful insect groups to flourish and survive. Narmada basin in the Jabalpur region created an excellent habit and source of alteration for many faunal species like insects, reptiles, birds and mammals [3]. Odonata is good indicator of environmental changes as their larvae and adult both are sensitive to habitat degradation and climate changes [4]. Ecological indicators can be defined as a taxon or community that reflects the biotic or abiotic state of an environment [5]. Larval Odonata diversity and abundance was positively correlated with macroinvertebrates diversity and abundance and it was efficient bioindicators of intactness and diversity of overall macroinvertebrates [6]. Although a large number of biological indicators are reported but benthic macroinvertebrates are most commonly used as biological indicators. The tropics have faced massive biodiversity loss due to intensive anthropogenic activities such as changes in land use and degradation of environment. Recent reports suggest that the tropics are losing biodiversity at an alarming rate [7]. However, there is very little knowledge on the extent of loss in lesser known groups, especially the invertebrates. In this paper, we highlight the diversity and abundance of invertebrate fauna and the need for their conservation. The aim of study of the biodiversity of Odonata and Mollusca species in Narmada valley of Jabalpur region for pollution for the assessment of pollution using bioindicators in the environment to make Jabalpur, the smartest city.

Sampling stations
The present study was carried out during year September 2013 to September 2015. The whole Narmada valley of Jabalpur region including river, forest, grassland and urban area were selected as study www.ssjournals.com site for the collection of sample. Four study sites were selected for the investigation these were Bargi dam, Gwarighat, Tilwaraghat and Bhedaghat shown in Figure 1. The sites visited from 5 to 9 in the morning and 5 to 7 in the evening for one year during January 2015 to December 2015.

Result
During the intensive survey of Insects in Jabalpur district, 37 species of Odonata and 13 species of Mollusca were revealed among these a total of 7 families belonging to order Odonata and 2 classes belonging to phylum Mollusca recorded from selected sites. www.ssjournals.com The relative abundance showed that among the 37 species of Odonata were recorded, 12 species were found to be very common, 9 species were common, 14 species were rare and 3 species were very rare were found to the study areas (Figure 3.) whereas among 13 species of Mollusca 3 were very common, 3 were common, 2 were not common and 5 were rare species. These 37% species of Odonata and 39% of Mollusca from the study area were designated rare, suggesting the need for strict conservation.

Discussion
Gastropods usually play a dominant role in the ecology of fresh-waters by providing food for many animals and by grazing on vast amounts of algae and detritus [19]. It is obviously seen that the groups of Mollusca are different with the study sites; this may have been related to the changes in the environment, to the industrial or organic pollution [20]. Benthic macro invertebrates are susceptible to the local environmental perturbation, which are also effective integrators of the environmental contamination, this means, they were responded to all contaminants in the environment not only those were measured in conventional water or sediment quality monitoring program [21].
Subramanian [14] reported 11 dragonfly families, of which 972 species with Libellulidae and 958 species with Gomphidae are major families throughout the world followed by 436 species in Aeshnida, 249 species in Corduliidae and 123 species in Macromiidae. Bhandari [22] studied the diversity of Odonata of river Sone in the surroundings of Bansagar dam and revealed 22 species of Odonata from the catchment of reservoir. Sharma and Shukla [23] reported total 25 species of Odonata in southeast region of river Narmada during January 2015 to August 2015 where Libellulidae family was the most diverse with 10 species than Coenagrionoidae with 7 species but in further study of that same site 5 more species i.e., 30 species were found from Jabalpur region and highlighted the presence of pollution. Manwar [24] in Maharashtra (India) recorded 22 Odonata species of 4 families of which 50% species are of family Libellulidae. Tijare and Patil [25] were observed 21 species of dragonflies from Nagpur district and Libellulidae family has high species richness. Odonata indicate input of little organic pollution in the slow moving or standing clean waters and Mollusca are quite intolerant to pollution, while other is tolerant. Clams detect toxicant, insecticides, organic chemicals that cause cancer and metals such as copper, zinc, iron, chromium, and cadmium in water.

Conclusion
Pollution in India has now reached to a point of crisis due to unplanned urbanization and rapid industrialization. The entire array of life is affected due to pollution in environment. The problem of atmosphere as well as lithosphere and hydrosphere quality deterioration is mainly due to human activities such as dumping and disposal of waste material and dead bodies, discharge of industrial, automobiles smoke, sewage wastes and agricultural runoff, which are major cause of ecological damage and pose serious health hazards. Urbanization also is associated with habitat degradation including decreased plant species diversity, reduced water quality, and increased air and soil pollutions. In terrestrial ecosystem, insect fauna represent more than 70% and also play an important role in food chain for the natural balance. Bioindicators will be used for the detection of pollution into the river and its surroundings. Every developing city produces heavy pollution and for making Jabalpur a mart city we have to reduce the pollution status and increase use more biological resources for the treatment of environment and reduction of chemical treatment.