The level of family dogs infestation from intestinal parasites, indicator of biological pollution impact in public areas

Faeces of 240 stray dogs and 240 family dogs that frequent the same public area in Tirana City they gathered and analyzed during the two years. We used the coproscopic method to identify intestinal parasites of which could be infested. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the environment biopollution at public areas from exogenous stage of intestinal parasites by stray dogs using two indicators: a) the prevalence of infestation and b) number of species of which are infested dogs. It showed that the prevalence of infestation of stray dogs was 77.5% and 20% of family dogs. Regardless of the season or in which environments were collected samples, in both two groups of dogs were identified the same representatives of intestinal parasites, and specifically identified: Echinococcus granulosus, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp, Mesocestoides lineatus, Ancylostoma spp, Uncinaria spp, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris spp, Giardia spp and Coccidia spp. The high prevalence of infestation at the stray dogs is a result of their lifestyle. To ensure the food they attend household waste, territory around the slaughterhouses, etc. In these areas they take food both with the invasive stages of intestinal helminths. At the same time they fed with wreck and alive rodent, with different arthropods and annelids worms, who as we know serve as paratenic hosts for many of the representatives of invasive helminthes of dogs. Moving in search of food they come into contact with other public environments contaminated by their counterparts. Thus homogenized and increased parasite loads that they carry with which contaminate even more moving and living environments where. Family dogs infested by intestinal fauna when representatives will hike in public environments that are contaminated by stray dogs. Between the infestation prevalence of stray dogs and the infestation prevalence of family dogs from intestinal parasitic fauna has a positive correlation ( r = 0.736 for p = 0.0275),therefore can ignore the level of family dogs infestation from invasive intestinal fauna is an expression of the impact of polluted environment from stray dogs on the health conditions of family dogs.


Introduction
The feaces that excretion by the dogs without dehelminthization contain the exogenous stages of helminths found in their intestines [1,6,9,16]. For this reason they are categorized as the biological causes of pollution in the environmental who lives. The term "pollution" understand "a useless change of the natural environment that causes harmful actions, or creates concern for all living beings living in that environment" [14]. When pollution is caused by living organisms such as plants, animals, viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, etc., which have invaded a certain environment, we are dealing with biological pollution "biopollution" [4]. The words "biological pollution "is a term that defines the negative effects of invasive species on the ecosystem attributes of a particular environment. Biopollution is synonymous to "the impact of biological invasion" [4,5,11] the level of biopollution is a quantitative assessment of the impact of the size of biological invasion [12]. Biological pollution caused by stray dogs is a serious problem of public spaces of our cities because the contaminated sites server as a reservoir for pathogenic agents of which can become infected people and animals who frequent accompaniment. The aim of study is to assess the impact of public biological pollution caused by intestinal parasites carried by stray dogs onto the family dogs, which infested mainly in these areas. Problems arising from contamination of biological and faecal contamination by stray dogs it's a much cost with medicinal character, social and economic, therefore ongoing assessment and monitoring of its impact on human and other animals health takes a special importance.

Materials and methods
The study lasted 2 years (2013 and 2014) and monitoring of biopollution impact caused by stray dogs on IJBAR (2016) 07 (09) www.ssjournals.com family dogs is performed in public areas of the Tirana city. The degree of biopollution impact of environmental from zoonotic parasites carried by stray dogs have evaluated through the level of family dogs infestation by the same zoonotic parasites they were detected in the feces of stray dogs. The level infestation of family dog will be measured through two indicators: 1) the prevalence of their infestation by intestinal zoonotic parasites, 2) the number of intestinal parasites species who are infested (the variety of parasites). To calculate the indicator parameters of environmental impact with biopollution on the state of health of the dogs family during two years (2012 and 2013) in three public areas of Tirana (Kavaja Street, Lana River and Lake Park) were determined respectively by 5 points (terrain) in which we will take faeces samples with faeces from dogs at 200 -300 m distance from each other (a total of 15 such). At each station of sampling were collect 2 samples with faeces from family dogs and 2 samples with faeces from stray dogs once every season during two years. Thus, gathered 240 samples from family dogs and 240 samples from stray dogs. For identification of parasite nematode eggs, eggs and proglotides of Cestoda, oocysts of Coccidia spp and cysts of the Giardia spp that could be found in the faeces of dogs, we used the quality and quantity coproscopic methods in the laboratory of parasitology at Institute of Food Safety and Veterinary of Tirana, applying the technique of flotation with hypertonic solutions and macroscopic observation for thepossible presence of cestods proglotides. A special technique was used to identify the eggs of Echinococcus granulosus [6,7,16,17].  The impact of the environment polluted by stray dogs stages exogenous of parasitic fauna on the state of health of the family dogs attending these environments will appreciate the help of two indicators: a) the prevalence of infection of family dogs from intestinal tract parasitic fauna, b) the number of intestinal fauna species have been identified in their faeces.

Results and Discussion
In Figure 1 are reflected the data of coproscopic analysis onto infestation prevalence of stray dogs and family dogs as well as species of intestinal fauna that are found in their faeces during 2 years in different seasons. The overall prevalence of infestation (of all intestinal parasitic species) to stray dogs has resulted 77.5%, and 20% in the family dogs. Prevalence of infestation difference between the two groups of dogs is certified for p = 0.000 IC=95% (univariate analysis chi square test). Also between the infestation prevalence of stray dogs and the infestation prevalence of family dogs from intestinal parasitic fauna has a positive correlation with correlation coefficient r = 0.736 for p = 0.0275 (for values r > 0.5 and p <0.05 correlation is real and statistically significant). In other words, the result of statistical analysis highlights the fact that the level of stray dog infestation from 88 intestinal parasites through their polluted environment affects the level of the infestation of the family dogs are those parasite. Also in figure 1 are reflected the prevalence of infestation from parasitic fauna for both groups of dogs about the season. Appears clear similarity between two histograms representing the infestation seasonal trend for both categories of dogs. How to stray dogs and to family dogs the prevalence of infestation was higher in the spring due to the weather conditions at this season are more favourable for the development and survival of parasites exogenous stages [2,6,7,13,16,17]. Statistical analyzes have confirmed the seasonal impact on the prevalence of stray dogs infestation from zoonotic intestinal parasites (p-value = 0.0001665, IC=95%) On the figure 2 is evidenced the prevalence of infestation is two groups of dogs in three urban environments. Prevalence of stray dogs infestation from intestinal fauna in relation to public areas that have attended over the past two years has been: at Kavaja Street 72.5%; Lana River 73.5% and 86.25% to Lake Park. Prevalence of family dog infestation in all three of these environments has been, at Kavaja Street 23.7%; to Lana River 12.5%, and in the Lake Park 23. Stray dogs are carriers of many zoonotic they are completely out of any kind of control and not dehelminthized. They provide food in household waste landfills, in facilities around slaughterhouses, etc. In these environments together with the food they receive invasive stages of the intestinal parasitic fauna [3,8,18]. In cases when not find the necessary food they feed with rodents dead or alive, with different arthropods and annelids worms, who as we know serve as paratenic hosts for many of the representatives of dogs parasitic fauna [3,6,7,16,19,21]. Moving in search of food they come into contact with other public environments contaminated by their homologues. Thus homogenized and increased the parasitic loads that they carry with which contaminate even more the environments where moving and living. These are the reasons why they have a high prevalence of infestation and why in different seasons and in different territories in their faeces were identified the same types of intestinal fauna. The higher to be the prevalence of infestation of stray dogs and much more diverse to be fauna of their intestinal tract, the higher will be the level of contamination of public places where they live and the higher will be the pressure that this polluted environment will exert on family dogs who attend. Pets in general consume controlled food and they are dehelminthized, but the table 1 shown that 20% of them are infested by intestinal parasites that are identified in the faeces of stray dogs.
They have nowhere been infested from intestinal fauna representatives than in public where I derive their owners to walk. Moving on grounds of the premises, which as overview current above are very dirty, dogs family from diversity and curiosity swallow rubbish food thrown by different people, rodent, arthropod and annelids worm land that are contaminated and infested by exogenous stages of intestinal parasites scattered street dogs during defecation.
This reasoning does not apply fully to cestod because dogs not infested with cestods eggs which is contaminated environment but by cystic stages that take place in intermediate hosts tissue [3,7,9,21], who accidentally them disclose them as food. Recall that in the group of the family dogs are part and hunting dogs, whose owners give to eat the internal organs of hunting animals, which may occur cystic form of cestods. Infestation of family dogs explained with the type of immunity in parasitic disease that is not sterile immunity (premunicion), which lasts as long as the last infestation [7,13,17]. After dehelminthization the family dogs undress from intestinal helminths immunity and when coming in contact with exogenous invasive parazitic stages which are public environments are contaminated by stray dogs they infested again of them.
If we compare our data with those of literature will note that there are no fundamental differences. In an article published in 2011 [20] [2,7,8,10,11,15,18,20]  It is extremely disturbing that 20% of family dogs have resulted infested by intestinal parasites; because it shows that some owners do not care enough for dogs and do not recognize the danger of the parasitic fauna of dogs, especially for the health of their children. On the other hand, this result shows that except stray dogs and 20% of household dogs contribute to pollution of public spaces of cities.

Conclusion
1) Through coproscopic analysis proved that 20% of family dogs are infested from zoonotic intestinal parasites due bipollution caused by stray dogs in whom the prevalence of infestation was 77.5%. 2) Between the infestation prevalence of stray dogs and the infestation prevalence of family dogs from intestinal parasitic fauna has a positive correlation ( r = 0.736 for p = 0.0275), therefore can ignore the level of family dogs infestation from invasive intestinal fauna is an expression of the impact of polluted environment from stray dogs on the health conditions of family dogs. 3) Due to the lifestyle of stray dogs and their movement from one urban area to another in search of food, they contaminate uniformly public areas of the Tirana city, so there are no differences in the variety of intestinal parasites identified in faeces of family dogs and stray dogs in all seasons and in three public area that included in this study. 4) In order to reduce the number of dogs of the road and minimize the level of biological pollution of public facilities caused by intestinal fauna that they carry, as well as its impact on the health of the family dogs, we recommend gathering in special shelters dogs stray, sterilization and dehelminthization them once in three months. 5) To ensure the health of family dogs and to prevent infestation of their members of the family of the dogs zoonotic intestinal fauna owners recommend that you dehelminthized them every 3 months and to endow with health cards.